In the fruit fly, such spatial separation is shown to include even attractive versus repulsive odor signals ( Grabe and Sachse, 2018 Min et al., 2013). Signals inducing different behaviors, such as pheromones versus food odors, are segregated in the lateral protocerebrum both in fruit fly and moths ( Grabe and Sachse, 2018 Homberg et al., 1988 Zhao et al., 2014). In contrast to the semi-random neuronal connectivity in another higher-order olfactory center of the insect, the mushroom body calyx (mammalian piriform cortex analog Su et al., 2009), the neuronal wiring in the lateral protocerebrum is characterized by a form of spatial clustering relying on behavioral significance (for details, see Figure 1A). This brain region shares many neural principles with the mammalian cortical amygdala ( Miyamichi et al., 2011 Sosulski et al., 2011). In moth, pheromone-evoked behaviors are linked to a hardwired circuit in the lateral protocerebrum, including the lateral horn ( Insect Brain Name Working Group et al., 2014 Martin et al., 2011). With a relatively simple brain and a restricted number of associated odors evoking opposite innate behaviors, that is, attraction and aversion, the insect pheromone pathway is an optimal system to address this question. Understanding how these chemosensory circuits translate signals with different hedonic valences into behavior is an essential issue in neuroscience. Olfactory circuits serve a central role in encoding and modulating sensory input from the natural surroundings. Our data suggest that the neurons’ widespread projections are organized according to behavioral significance, including a spatial separation of signals representing attraction versus inhibition – however, with a unique capacity of switching behavioral consequence based on the amount of the minor components. In this study, we traced physiologically identified medial-tract projection neurons from each of the three male-specific glomeruli with the aim of mapping their terminal branches in the lateral protocerebrum. From the antennal-lobe glomeruli, the information is conveyed to higher olfactory centers, including the lateral protocerebrum, via three main paths – of which the medial tract is the most prominent. In Helicoverpa armigera, three male-specific glomeruli receive input about three female-produced signals, the primary pheromone component, serving as an attractant, and two minor constituents, serving a dual function, that is, attraction versus inhibition of attraction. molesta.The pheromone system of heliothine moths is an optimal model for studying principles underlying higher-order olfactory processing. bassiana applications for biological control of G. This study provides potentially valuable insights for maximizing the efficacy of B. molesta larvae that had been pre-treated with antibiotic, which increased their survival in comparison to antibiotic-treated larvae following inoculation with B. bassiana were demonstrated by reintroducing the bacterium to G. Inhibitory effects on the pathogenicity of Pantoea sp. bassiana was assayed in vitro using the inhibition zone method. The dominant bacterium isolated was Pantoea sp.
molesta larvae was characterized by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. The bacterial diversity present on the cuticle of G.
bassiana, indicating that cuticular microbiota inhibited infection of G. Control larvae (untreated with antibiotics) had higher survival than antibiotic-treated larvae following inoculation with B. We conducted bioassays on larvae pre-treated with antibiotics to test whether cuticular microbiota could reduce the pathogenicity of B. Various studies have shown that microorganisms present on the insect cuticle can inhibit fungal spore germination and growth, thus inhibiting their pathogenicity and biological control efficacy. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) is widely employed for control of insect pests, including G. The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a destructive orchard pest native to the Asian subcontinent that has spread throughout many fruit-growing regions of the world.
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